Wednesday, November 30, 2016

Multilingual Nations...Some Challenges

India: 437 Languages from 6 Language families
  • 1947 (post Independence)
    • HINDI (OFFICIAL LANGUAGE); an attempt to pull together disparate ethnic groups & bolster nationalism
    • 15 recognized NATIONAL LANGUAGES, state boundaries established by virtue of linguistic homogeneity, but some states have no linguistic majority, so boundaries are disputed.
    • Each State can also choose a REGIONAL LANGUAGE to use in local government affairs and education
    • WRITING SYSTEMA: 11 different scripts
    • ENGLISH, and its role:
      • spoken by many
      • used as a lingua franca in national government
      • marker of advanced (university) education (elite status)
      • used in the courts
      • NOT associated with any ethnic group (neutral) so avoids increasing prestige of Hindu speakers in the north
  • Standardization: Sanskritization of pronounciation
    • Coined words for new terms gotten from mass media and formed by compounding, all examples of CHANGE FROM ABOVE
      • Aspirin matre (aspirin tablet)
      • cancer roga (cancer disease)
      • akasavana (radio-voice from above)
      • vicara sankirana symposium-thought confirmation)
  • Lingusistic Minorities:
    • language policies try to encourage uniformity of language and culture
    • minority languages are marginalized and so are the people who speak them
    • Elites favor English because it is less accessible to the masses
    • 3 language formula for education is disputed in many states:
      • regional, Hindi, English
  •  Canada: French vs English
    • Policy: "official bilingualism", blunts Francophone nationalism and economic lure for government jobs. Rejected by the province of Quebec for MONOLINGUALISM in French
    • Predjudical stereotypes
      • By age 12, people tested through matched guising see English as far superior to French, as well as the people who speak it
  • English Only Amendment in the USA
    • 1981: HR-123
    • Proposition 227 (C); Reversed bilingual education laws
    • Why are we so opposed to multilingualism here in the United States?
  • Native Americans (US and Elsewhere)
    • language attrition and death based on no formal status
    • Use of Boarding Schools to Assimilate children
    • missionization to facilitate assimilation
  • Creole Languages
    • Characterized by minimal morphological complexity
      • no plurality on nouns
      • no gender on pronouns
      • no tense on verbs
      • aspectal divisions are well-established
  • rarely found in monolingual settings, instead characterized by situations of DIGLOSSIA
    • low form next to a standard (high). Always associated with poverty, little education, low cultural esteem
    • May be adopted as a NATIONAL or OFFICIAL language to express solidarity of a new nation (Jamaica, Haiti, Tanzania)
    • examples
      • haitian creole/french
      • jamaican creole/english
      • tagolog/spanish
Multilingual code switching in Hong Kong

Tuesday, November 29, 2016

Simple Steps to Moral Panic and Other Fun Games

10 SIMPLE STEPS


  1. something upsetting or disturbing or frightening happens. The media focus on the event in the course of their usual news cycle. There is significant reader or viewer response and interest; the cycle ramps up.
  2. hostility and negativity are expressed openly. the media coverage intensifies focus and discourse on the offending person or thing
  3. a person or group standing at the epicenter of a growing moral panic is demonized and its defenders or representatives become folk devils
  4. individuals or institutions step forward to serve as moral entrepreneurs; evidence to the contrary are ignored or buried
  5. the media coverage intensifies and the press looks aggressively for any stories which may be tied into the triggering event
  6. the message moves beyond its original sphere at an ever increasing speed, abetted by the media, politicians, and sometimes those with commercial interest in the outcome
  7. definers are identified. these are people who are identified primarily by their credentials and claim to authority
  8. criticism accelerates to mockery
  9. consensus is reached. On a regional or national level, there is a widespread acceptance and acknowledgement that the group or event in question poses a very real threat to society
  10. reactions and suggested remedies are disproportionate, with long term, widespread and in extreme cases, destructive results. Actual resolutions sometimes result. in a change in the law, one designed to further penalize the deviants and put more stringent controls in place 

Language & Immigration: "Hispanics" and "Asians"--Feul for English Only?

Immigration and Immigrants have and continue to be a polarizing topic in this country in general and in this election in particular. This is ironic, considering that we are a nation of immigrants. Since the inception of this nation, certain dialects and languages have been deemed potentially traitorous, unAmerican, Unacceptable.


  • Native American Languages Outlawed
  • Spanish Outlawed in the Treaty of Guadaloupe (1848)
  • Bans by state on German, Polish, Irish and other languages
Hispanic cultures show strong allegiance to HOMELAND, FAMILY, RELIGION (Catholicism) and LANGUAGE (Spanish). Asian cultures as well. What the two have in common is that we homogenize these groups and see them as one culture, indistinct from each other, and their languages. This inability to see or care about the cultural traditions within these groups is at the root of linguistic prejudices that we see expressed.

misconceptions:
  1. the idea of a homogeneous Hispanic/Asian community which refuses to learn English
  2. the belittling of non-Castilian varieties of Spanish
  3. the labeling of second generation bilinguals as semi- or alinguals
  4. OFF-WHITES (Ambiguous)
Media portrayals:
  1. Latinos
    1. violent
    2. explosive tempers
    3. gang members
    4. pimps
    5. drug dealers
    6. prostitutes
  2. Asaians
    1. males
      1. tricky
      2. surreptitious
      3. determined
    2. females
      1. submissive
      2. beautiful
      3. delicate, needing male direction
    3. Good Asian Male: (change)
      1. unobtrusive
      2. well behaved
      3. smart
      4. industrious 
      5. successful (exhibiting cultural values conducive to socio-economic success)
  3. Muslims/Arabs????
    1. terrorists?
    2. radical Islamist's
    3. misogynists
Policy Reactions and Dealing with Immigrants:
We view the world as being composed of MONOLINGUAL NATIONS composed of uncontested , identifiable groups which are natural not only MONOLINGUAL, but also MONO-CULTURAL, so language is associated with nation. This creates an US versus THEM mentality
  • Accent Reduction
  • Associating language with RACE (Asians, Hispanics)
  • English Only movements
  • Resentment of "rudeness"
    • QUESTION: Is it rude to speak English in front of those who don't understand it? ---English speakers that claim to feel excluded believe that he/she is reasonable in expecting everyone to accommodate to her/him. ENTITLEMENT
    • Never have their racial embodiment questioned publicly
      • Immigrants have COME OVER HERE (immigrated)
      • Immigrants take our jobs and money (others)
      • immigrants do not have the grace to learn our language-suggests their lack of commitment to the American Way of Life. AMERICAN=ENGLISH
LANGUAGE SIGNALS SOLIDARITY & IDENTITY

Discriminatory laws against Spanish sample page 265
Discrimnatory acts against Asians:
  • Asian Exclusion Act of WWII
  • Japanese internment camps in the US
  • MOCKERY
    • ching chong bing bong
    • not understandable
    • media and childrens cartoon
    • schoolyard chants (also Jews, Blacks, etc)

Education Laws in the Southwest
  • linguistic hyper-segregation in Arizona schools
  • HR2083 passed in 2000, forbid any language other than English to be used in the public schools
  • Tom Horne and the anti-Latino Ethnic Studies movement
  • SPANISH ONLY (page 274-275)?
Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome: The Asians
  • WHY IMMIGRATE?
    • Push and Pull
    • target smaller nations to dominate politically and economically  and socially.
    • warehouse of goods and services in the colonies




interesting articles

Trump's Negative Language and Linguistic Bias...

Monday, November 21, 2016

English Only Again! Final Debate

Language & Culture
Fall 2016
Debate Topic---Final "exam"
“The National Language Question”
Due: Position Paper and Presentation 12/8 (last day)


You have two responsibilities in this assignment (1) to complete your own position paper. (due December 15-email or office) (2) to help construct and present your position with your team.

I will give each team time to meet in class to discuss their topic and construct their declamation. Each team will be responsible for supplementing materials distributed in class to strengthen their position. During the declamation, each team will be allowed a maximum of 10 minutes to present their position. Then each team will be allowed two 5 minute rebuttals. Winning teams will receive wonderful prizes!!! Although all team members are not responsible for presenting in class, each of you must participate in the actual declamation once during the course of the semester. Failure to do so will result in a failing grade for the debate section of the course.

You may each choose your position on a debate ONCE during the course of the semester. Otherwise, positions will be assigned randomly. Please carefully follow the instructions for writing a position paper when completing this assignment. 

Topic: Should there be a constitutional amendment to make English the national language of the United States?

Answers should focus on the underlying cultural beliefs, values and practices which frame this debate.

Please refer to the “Writing a Position Paper/Debate” and general writing rubric as guidelines for your written and oral presentations.

DEBATE FORMAT


Introductions &

Coin Toss                                                         5 Minutes

Opening Remarks Team A                                10 minutes
Opening Remarks Team B                                10 minutes

Discussion                                                        5 minutes

Rebuttal Team A                                              3 minutes
Rebuttal Team B                                               3 minutes

Discussion                                                        5 minutes

Rebuttal Team A                                              3 minutes
Rebuttal Team B                                               3 minutes

Discussion                                                        5 minutes

Rebuttal Team A                                              3 minutes
Rebuttal Team B                                               3 minutes

Judges Question posed         1                         2 minutes

Discussion                                                        3 minutes

Answer Team A                                               3 minutes
Answer Team B                                               3 minutes

Judges Question posed   2                               2 minutes

Discussion                                                        3 minutes

Answer Team A                                               3 minutes
Answer Team B                                               3 minutes

Concluding Remarks Team A                           1 minutes
Concluding Remarks Team B                            1 minutes


Decision By Judges!

-----------------------------
Writing a Position Paper/Debate Preparation

            We will end the term with a written and performed argumentative style called a debate. There are no correct positions in a debate, just sound arguments and strong evidence for and against your positions. Your success in presenting a position lies on how PERSUASIVE you can be. Your position is only an OPINION, unless it is well reasoned and supported with evidence (persuasive). Writing a position paper is a good way to organize your thoughts and construct sound arguments when structuring a debate. Here is your chance to show politicians how a debate should be contested. 

Steps:
1.     Consider the question to be debated. Make sure that you understand the issues surrounding the debate, as they have been discussed in class. If you do not, ask for clarification.

2.     List the major points that will be used in support of your position. These may be gathered from class, assigned readings, Internet and other current event resources, etc.

3.     Structure a coherent argument for your position based on these major points. Support your points with illustrations (evidence).

4.     List the major arguments against your position. Again, these may be gathered from class, assigned readings, Internet and other current event resources, etc.

5.     Refute these arguments using supporting illustration.

6.     Summarize and make concluding remarks (a catchy and persuasive final note is often effective here).

7.     Be prepared to argue your position verbally in class.



Position papers should be 3-5 pages in length, typed (double spaced), and handed in at the conclusion of the semester (December 15). Those arguing for the same position may (should) work together to structure sound strong and persuasive positions. All position papers however, must be written individually. Failure to write your own position paper will be evaluated as plagiarism, and result in a failing grade. So, talk together, write alone.

_______________________________________
getting you started (plus Lippi-Green)
  • Reading: (to get you started)
    • http://www.governing.com/news/headlines/the-english-only-debate-heats-up-again.html
    • http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/english-only.aspx
    • http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/langleg.htm
    • http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_lang.html
    • http://www.civilrights.org/monitor/vol8_no4/art3.html
    • http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/04/should-english-be-the-law/376825/

Syllabus Redo! An attempt to refocus our traumatize semester

First of all, seriously, who's idea was it to focus on the election!? Man, that was a mistake! :)
In any event, there are some important topics that can be built on this unfortunate chaos of the term:

Tuesday, November 22: Language and power-a look at the subfield of PRAGMATICS and the ability to "do things with words", in particular propaganda, normalization and pejoration. We will look at how advertisers, the news media, governmental institutions and politicians use the power of words.

Thursday, November 24: Thanksgiving: don't eat too much turkey or tofu. NO CLASS

Tuesday, November 29: Language and Immigration: Asians, Latinos and the rest of them

  •       Reading: Lippi-Green, Chapter 15

Thursday, December 1: Language and The World of Work: Medical & Legal

  • Reading: Lippi-Green, Chapter 13
  • ZOOTOPIA SCREENING (must go)

Tuesday, December 6: Clean-up (Debate preparation)
Thursday, December 8: English Only Debate (teams)

Saturday, November 19, 2016

Language & Immigration: Asians

Lingusistic perceptions of immigration and its threats to our society are expressions of linguistic predjudices